Arthur Moreira Lima toca Ernesto Nazareth

Ernesto Nazareth ― Apanhei-te, cavaquinho, polca para piano

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5_3mgt4iYc

www.institutopianobrasileiro.com.br

Ramos da Filosofia

Os cinco ramos tradicionais em que se poderá dividir a filosofia são:

• Metafísica

• Ética
• Estética
• Epistemologia

• Lógica

Ontologia (=Metafísica)

Axiologia (=Ética+Estética)
Epistemologia

[Lógica; passou para as matemáticas e a engenharia de computadores ]

• Ontology = theory of existence = questions about the general nature of the World
• Ethics = theory of value = questions about the conduct of everyday life
• Epistemology = theory of knowledge = questions about the justification of belief
― Honderich (2005) The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, New Edition, p. 702

• Concepção do universo = metafísica (da natureza e do espírito) + teoria do universo

• Teoria dos valores = ética + estética + filosofia da religião

• Teoria da ciência = formal (lógica) + material (teoria do conhecimento: geral e especial)

― Johannes Hessen (1925) Teoria do conhecimento [7.ª ed. 1976, trad. António Correia. Ed. Arménio Amado, Coimbra]. (v. pp. 19-20) 

Portanto, temos:

• Teoria da existência = Ontologia: Ser ― o que é (p. ex.) uma cadeira?

• Teoria dos valores = Axiologia: Agir ― como deve ser uma cadeira?

• Teoria do conhecimento = Epistemologia: Saber ― como sabemos o que é e como deve ser uma cadeira?

(...) philosophy came to address three big themes: 

• the works of nature [existência, ser, ontologia],

• the works of humankind [valores, agir, axiologia], and 

• the endeavor to establish physically and cognitively productive interactions between the two [conhecimento, saber, epistemologia].

The task of the discipline was thus to address “the big questions” regarding humans, the world, and our knowledge of it.

― Nicholas Rescher (2015) A Journey through Philosophy in 101 Anecdotes. University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 1

In contemporary philosophy the principal areas of enquiry are 

• epistemology,

• metaphysics,

• logic, 

• ethics, 

• aesthetics, 

• the philosophy of mind, 

• the philosophy of language, 

• political philosophy, 

• the history of debates in these areas of enquiry, and 

• philosophical examination of the assumptions, methods and claims of other fields of enquiry in science and social science. 

― Anthony C. Grayling (2019) The History of Philosophy. 

Filosofia Contemporânea
https://homepage.univie.ac.at/maximilian.noichl/posts/structure-of-recent-philosophy-iii/

https://homepage.univie.ac.at/maximilian.noichl/post/structphil/
https://superscholar.org/history-of-philosophy/

Na Idade Média:

• Dialética > Lógica
• Ética
• Física > Filosofia Natural + Metafísica + Epistemologia

E mais tarde:
• Filosofia Natural > as Ciências e a Lógica 
• Filosofia Moral = Ética (+ Estética ?)
• Metafísica

Perguntas e tópicos:
Ontologia : Sommes-nous réellement libres ?
Ontologia : Quel est le sens de la vie ?

Ontologia : Pourquoi y a-t-il quelque chose plutôt que rien ?

Ética : Comment devons-nous nous comporter ?
Ética : Comment devons-nous nous organiser ?
Ética : La justice est-t-elle possible ?
Estética : Pourquoi l'art nous émeut-il ?
Epistemologia : Est-il raisonnable de croire en Dieu ?
Epistemologia : Que peut-on connaître ?
Epistemologia : Qu'est-ce que la vérité ? 
La justice : Platon, Aristote, Habermas...
L’éthique : Nietzsche, Sénèque, Socrate, Épicure...
La connaissance : Kant, Descartes, Hume…
La vie en société : Hobbes, Marx, Machiavel, Rousseau…
Le sens de la vie : Schopenhauer, Sartre, Kierkegaard…
La vérité : Leibniz, Wittgenstein, Foucault…
― https://www.apprendreaphilosopher.fr/

1. Qual è l’origine del tutto?

2. Esiste la verità?

3. Che cosa significa pensare?

4. Che cos’è il linguaggio?

5. Come funziona la mente?

6. Che cosa significa conoscere?

7. Che cos’è la sostanza?

8. Che cos’è la realtà?

9. Esiste un metodo scientifico?

10. Che cos’è un uomo?

11. Che cos’è il corpo umano?

12. Che cosa definisce l’esistenza?

13. Come bisogna vivere?

14. Che cos’è il tempo?

15. Che cos’è la materia?

16. Che cos’è la vita?

17. Che cos’è l’amore?

18. Come distinguere fra sogno, veglia e follia?

19. Come è nata la società?

20. Vi è rapporto fra morale e politica?

21. Che cos’è lo stato?

22. La storia è progresso?

23. È possibile la pace?

24. Chi è Dio?

25. Si può provare l’esistenza di Dio?

26. Com’è possibile la salvezza?

27. Fede e ragione: opposizione o accordo?

28. Che cos’è la bellezza?

29. Che cos’è la filosofia?

― Ubaldo Nicola (2020) Filosofia. Antologia illustrata. Giunti.

1 Knowledge
2 Mind
3 Free Will
4 The Self
5 God
6 Reasoning
7 The World
8 What to do 

― Blackburn (1999) Think - A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy

Thinking & Reasoning

Deductive, Inductive & Abductive Reasoning

Judgement & Decision Making

Problem Solving, Intelligence & Creative Thinking

Modes of Thinking (Quantitative, Visualspatial, Gesture)

― Holyoak & Morrison (2012) The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning

Entertaining, Judging & Reasoning

Concept Formation

Problem Solving

Deliberation & Decision

Episodic Memory & Imagination

― https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought#Types_of_thinking

Basic Tools for Argument

More Advanced Tools

Tools for Assessment

Tools for Conceptual Distinction

Tools of Historical Schools

Tools for Radical Critique

Tools at the Limit

― Baggini & Fosl (2010) The Philosopher's Toolkit - A Compendium of Philosophical Concepts and Methods

METHODS:

• questioning

• rational argument

• critical discusion

SINÓNIMOS (+  ̶ ):

argumentar

calcular

cismar

cogitar

compreender

conceber

concluir

considerar

cuidar

discutir

imaginar

julgar

matutar

meditar

pensar

planear

planejar

ponderar

prever

raciocinar

reflectir

reflexionar

supôr

tensionar

PARA A ETIQUETA:

Pensar e Raciocinar

Razão e Justificação

Raciocinar e Argumentar

Grayling (2019) The History of Philosophy. Penguin.

(p. 382, end of chapter on Analytic Philosophy) 

«It is worth mentioning at the outset that the word ‘analysis’

itself denotes a number of different techniques. It can mean

breaking something down into its constituents; that is

‘decomposition’, as when one takes a watch apart to inspect

the mechanism. It can mean showing that something can be

explained in terms of something else which is more basic than

it; that is ‘reduction’, as when one shows that thoughts in the

mind are electro-chemical activities of neurons in the brain. It

can involve looking for the ‘essence’ or defining properties of

something. It can involve putting a concept into an illuminating

relationship with other concepts, as when one sees that

understanding the concept of ‘necessity’ is fruitfully enhanced by

understanding its relations with ‘possibility’ and ‘actuality’. It can

involve interpreting or translating a concept into other, clearer

concepts. It can involve tracing the history of the development

of a concept. Standardly, the techniques of Analytic philosophy

are a combination of some, most or all of these procedures.

The aim is clarification and understanding: the ambition is that

the knottiest problems of philosophy might thereby be solved

(or, as some thinkers hope in relation to some traditional

problems, ‘dissolved’, that is, shown not to be problems at all).»