O estranho uso do trema e do acento grave na Língua Portuguesa

Portaria de 1 de Setembro de 1911 «(...) XXXI [acentuação de sequências: vogal + i, vogal + u] Quando a segunda de duas vogais consecutivas seja i ou u, que não forme ditongo com a vogal precedente, marcar-se há com o acento agudo, se fôr tónica; ex.: saí, saída, faísca, saúde, balaústre, raízes, baú(s). Se fôr átona pode assinalar-se com o acento grave; ex.: saìmento, faìscar, saùdar, enraìzado, abaùlado. É lícito dispensar-se o agudo se a consoante seguinte não fôr s; ex.: ainda, raiz, sair, contanto que não inicie outra sílaba. Podem, portanto, escrever-se Coimbra, raiz, sair, sem acento, mas exigem-no saída, saíra, saúde, raízes, ataúde, etc. (...) XLVI [u depois de q ou g] O u depois de q ou g é dêle inseparável, quer seja mudo, quer se profira; ex.: quinta, guerra, freqùente, agùentar, argùir.»

Portaria N.º 2553 de 30 de Dezembro de 1920 «Quando o i ou o u não forme ditongo com vogal precedente e é átomo, sobrepõe-se-lhe o trema e não o acento grave: saïmento, saüdar e não saùdar, saìmento. Se é tónico, tem acento agudo: saída, saúde. Sobrepõe-se igualmente, não o acento grave, mas o trema no u dos grupos gu e qu, quando êste u se pronuncia: agüentar, argüir, e não argüir, agüentar.»

Ortografia de 1911 ― Ortografia de 1920

acento grave ― trema

diéreses [güe, güi] e [qüe, qüi]

agùeirar ― agüeirar

agùeiro ― agüeiro

agùentador ― agüentador

agùentar ― agüentar

agùista ― agüista

alcagùete ― alcagüete

altiloqùência ― altiloqüência

altiloqùente ― altiloqüente

ambigùidade ― ambigüidade

ambigùifloro ― ambigüifloro

angùeira ― angüeira

angùicida ― angüicida

angùicomado ― angüicomado

angùídeo ― angüídeo

angùiforme ― angüiforme

angùígena ― angüígena

angùilária ― angüilária

angùiliforme ― angüiliforme

angùilóide ― angüilóide

angùilulado ― angüilulado

angùina ― angüina

angùinha ― angüinha

angùissáurio ― angüissáurio

angùite ― angüite

angùivípera ― angüivípera

antigùidade ― antigüidade

aqùense ― aqüense

aqùicaldense ― aqüicaldense

aqùícola ― aqüícola

aqùicultor ― aqüicultor

aqùicultura ― aqüicultura

aqùífero ― aqüífero

aqùifoliácea ― aqüifoliácea

aqùifólio ― aqüifólio

aqùilégia ― aqüilégia

aqùilégio ― aqüilégio

aqùíparo ― aqüíparo

aqùista ― aqüista

argùente ― argüente

argùição ― argüição

argùido ― argüido

argùidor ― argüidor

argùir ― argüir

argùitivo ― argüitivo

bangùezeiro ― bangüezeiro

bilíngùe ― bilíngüe

bilingùismo ― bilingüismo

biungùiculado ― biungüiculado

brevilíngùe ― brevilíngüe

catangùera ― catangüera

centilíngùe ― centilíngüe

changùi ― changüi

cinqùenta ― cinqüenta

cinqùentão ― cinqüentão

cinqùentavo ― cinqüentavo

cinqùentenário ― cinqüentenário

co-argùida ― co-argüida

co-argùido ― co-argüido

co-delinqùência ― co-delinqüência

co-delinqùente ― co-delinqüente

co-delinqùir ― co-delinqüir

consangùíneo ― consangüíneo

consangùinidade ― consangüinidade

conseqùência ― conseqüência

conseqùencial ― conseqüencial

conseqùente ― conseqüente

conseqùentemente ― conseqüentemente

contigùidade ― contigüidade

delinqùência ― delinqüência

delinqùencial ― delinqüencial

delinqùente ― delinqüente

delinqùir ― delinqüir

deliqùescência ― deliqüescência

deliqùescente ― deliqüescente

deliqùescer ― deliqüescer

desensangùentar ― desensangüentar

desfreqùentado ― desfreqüentado

desfreqùentar ― desfreqüentar

desmilingùido ― desmilingüido

eloqùência ― eloqüência

eloqùente ― eloqüente

ensangùentado ― ensangüentado

ensangùentar ― ensangüentar

eqùestre ― eqüestre

eqùevo ― eqüevo

eqùiangular ― eqüiangular

eqùiângulo ― eqüiângulo

eqùícola ― eqüícola

eqùidade ― eqüidade

eqùídeo ― eqüídeo

eqùidiferença ― eqüidiferença

eqùidiferente ― eqüidiferente

eqùidilatado ― eqüidilatado

eqùidistância ― eqüidistância

eqùidistante ― eqüidistante

eqùidistar ― eqüidistar

eqùífero ― eqüífero

eqùigranular ― eqüigranular

eqùilateral ― eqüilateral

eqùilátero ― eqüilátero

eqùimolecular ― eqüimolecular

eqùimolecularidade ― eqüimolecularidade

eqùimultíplice ― eqüimultíplice

eqùimúltiplo ― eqüimúltiplo

eqùino ― eqüino

eqùipendência ― eqüipendência

eqùipendente ― eqüipendente

eqùipolência ― eqüipolência

eqùipolente ― eqüipolente

eqùiponderância ― eqüiponderância

eqùiponderante ― eqüiponderante

eqùiponderar ― eqüiponderar

eqùipotencial ― eqüipotencial

eqùiprobabilismo ― eqüiprobabilismo

eqùissetácea ― eqüissetácea

eqùisseto ― eqüisseto

eqùíssimo ― eqüíssimo

eqùissonância ― eqüissonância

eqùissonante ― eqüissonante

eqùíssono ― eqüíssono

eqùitativo ― eqüitativo

eqùivalve ― eqüivalve

exeqùência ― exeqüência

exeqùendo ― exeqüendo

exeqùente ― exeqüente

exeqùibilidade ― exeqüibilidade

exeqùível ― exeqüível

exigùidade ― exigüidade

exigùificar ― exigüificar

falaciloqùente ― falaciloqüente

freqùência ― freqüência

freqùencímetro ― freqüencímetro

freqùentação ― freqüentação

freqùentador ― freqüentador

freqùentar ― freqüentar

freqùentativo ― freqüentativo

 freqùente ― freqüente

grandiloqùência ― grandiloqüência

grandiloqùente ― grandiloqüente

ilíqùido ― ilíqüido

inconseqùência ― inconseqüência

inconseqùente ― inconseqüente

ineqùiângulo ― ineqüiângulo

ineqùilateral ― ineqüilateral

ineqùilátero ― ineqüilátero

ineqùípede ― ineqüípede

ineqùitativo ― ineqüitativo

ineqùivalve ― ineqüivalve

ineqùivocado ― ineqüivocado

inexeqùibilidade ― inexeqüibilidade

inexeqùível ― inexeqüível

infreqùência ― infreqüência

infreqùentado ― infreqüentado

infreqùente ― infreqüente

iniqùidade ― iniqüidade

intranqùilidade ― intranqüilidade

intranqùilizador ― intranqüilizador

intranqùilo ― intranqüilo

lingùeta ― lingüeta

lângùido ― lângüido

lingùiça ― lingüiça

lingùicida ― lingüicida

lingùicídio ― lingüicídio

lingùiforme ― lingüiforme

lingùista ― lingüista

liqùefazer ― liqüefazer

liqùefeito ― liqüefeito

liqùeficável ― liqüeficável

liqùescente ― liqüescente

liqùescer ― liqüescer

liqùidação ― liqüidação

liqùidado ― liqüidado

liqùidador ― liqüidador

liqùidâmbar ― liqüidâmbar

liqùidando ― liqüidando

liqùidar ― liqüidar

liqùidatário ― liqüidatário

liqùidável ― liqüidável

liqùidez ― liqüidez

liqùidificação ― liqüidificação

liqùidificador ― liqüidificador

liqùidificante ― liqüidificante

liqùidificar ― liqüidificar

liqùidificável ― liqüidificável

líqùido ― líqüido

longinqùidade ― longinqüidade

loqùela ― loqüela

manangùera ― manangüera

mandigùera ― mandigüera

maniqùera ― maniqüera

mujangùê ― mujangüê

multilíngùe ― multilíngüe

multilingùismo ― multilingüismo

neurolingùista ― neurolingüista

neurolingùística ― neurolingüística

neurolingùístico ― neurolingüístico

olbliqùidade ― obliqüidade

obseqùente ― obseqüente

pingùim ― pingüim

piraqùera ― piraqüera

propinqùidade ― propinqüidade

psicolingùista ― psicolingüista

psicolingùística ― psicolingüística

psicolingùístico ― psicolingüístico

qùeba ― qüeba

qùera ― qüera

qùercínea ― qüercínea

qùerco ― qüerco

qùerqùerno ― qüerqüerno

qùerqùetulano ― qüerqüetulano

qùiba ― qüiba

qùididade ― qüididade

qùididativo ― qüididativo

qùindecágono ― qüindecágono

qùindénio ― qüindênio

qùingentaria ― qüingentaria

qùingentésimo ― qüingentésimo

qùinquagenário ― qüinquagenário

qùinquagésima ― qüinquagésima

qùinquagésimo ― qüinquagésimo

qùinqùeangular ― qüinqüeangular

qùinqùecapsular ― qüinqüecapsular

qùinqùedentado ― qüinqüedentado

qùinqùedigitado ― qüinqüedigitado

qùinqùefido ― qüinqüefido

qùinqùefoliado ― qüinqüefoliado

qùinqùefólio ― qüinqüefólio

qùinqùegenciano ― qüinqüegenciano

qùinqùelíngùe ― qüinqüelíngüe

qùinqùelobado ― qüinqüelobado

qùinqùenal ― qüinqüenal

qùinqùenalidade ― qüinqüenalidade

qùinqùenervado ― qüinqüenervado

qùinqùénio ― qüinqüênio

qùinqùerreme ― qüinqüerreme

qùinqùevalente ― qüinqüevalente

qùinqùevalve ― qüinqüevalve

qùinqùevalvular ― qüinqüevalvular

qùinqùevirado ― qüinqüevirado

qùinqùeviral ― qüinqüeviral

qùinqùevirato ― qüinqüevirato

qùinqùéviro ― qüinqüéviro

qùinqùídio ― qüinqüídio

qùinqùíduo ― qüinqüíduo

qùintimetatársico ― qüintimetatársico

qùintuplinérveo ― qüintuplinérveo

redargùente ― redargüente

redargùição ― redargüição

redargùidor ― redargüidor

redargùir ― redargüir

redargùitivo ― redargüitivo

relinqùição ― relinqüição

relinqùimento ― relinqüimento

relinqùir ― relinqüir

sagùi ― sagüi

sagùim ― sagüim

sagùiru ― sagüiru

sangùeira ― sangüeira

sangùento ― sangüento

sangùícola ― sangüícola

sangùinária ― sangüinária

sangùinarina ― sangüinarina

sangùinário ― sangüinário

sangùínea ― sangüínea

sangùíneo ― sangüíneo

sangùinidade ― sangüinidade

sangùinolária ― sangüinolária

sangùinoso ― sangüinoso

sarigùé ― sarigüé

sarigùeia ― sarigüéia

seqùela ― seqüela

seqùência ― seqüência

seqüenciação ― seqüenciação

seqüencial ― seqüencial

seqüenciar ― seqüenciar

seqüente ― seqüente

seqüestração ― seqüestração

seqüestrador ― seqüestrador

seqüestrar ― seqüestrar

seqüestrável ― seqüestrável

seqüestre ― seqüestre

seqüestro ― seqüestro

siliqùiforme ― siliqüiforme

sociolingùista ― sociolingüista

sociolingùística ― sociolingüística

sociolingùístico ― sociolingüístico

suaviloqùente ― suaviloqüente

subáqùeo ― subáqüeo

subeqùilateral ― subeqüilateral

subseqùência ― subseqüência

subseqùente ― subseqüente

subungùiculado ― subungüiculado

Tarqùínio ― Tarqüínio

teteqùera ― teteqüera

tigùera ― tigüera

tranqùilamente ― tranqüilamente

tranqùilidade ― tranqüilidade

tranqùilização ― tranqüilização

tranqùilizador ― tranqüilizador

tranqùilizante ― tranqüilizante

tranqùilizar ― tranqüilizar

tranqùilo ― tranqüilo

tricinqùentenário ― tricinqüentenário

ubiqùidade ― ubiqüidade

ubiqùismo ― ubiqüismo

ubiqùista ― ubiqüista

ubiqùitário ― ubiqüitário

ubiqùitarismo ― ubiqüitarismo

ungùentáceo ― ungüentáceo

ungùentar ― ungüentar

ungùentário ― ungüentário

ungùento ― ungüento

ungùi ― ungüi

ungùiculado ― ungüiculado

ungùífero ― ungüífero

ungùiforme ― ungüiforme

ungùinoso ― ungüinoso

vaniloqùência ― vaniloqüência

vaniloqùente ― vaniloqüente

diéreses [güe, güi] e [qüe, qüi]

[agüent-]

agùentador ― agüentador

agùentar ― agüentar

[angüi-]

angùeira ― angüeira

angùicida ― angüicida

angùicomado ― angüicomado

angùídeo ― angüídeo

angùiforme ― angüiforme

angùígena ― angüígena

angùilária ― angüilária

angùiliforme ― angüiliforme

angùilóide ― angüilóide

angùilulado ― angüilulado

angùina ― angüina

angùinha ― angüinha

angùissáurio ― angüissáurio

angùite ― angüite

angùivípera ― angüivípera

[agüei-, aqüi-]

agùeirar ― agüeirar

agùeiro ― agüeiro

agùista ― agüista

aqùense ― aqüense

aqùicaldense ― aqüicaldense

aqùícola ― aqüícola

aqùicultor ― aqüicultor

aqùicultura ― aqüicultura

aqùífero ― aqüífero

aqùifoliácea ― aqüifoliácea

aqùifólio ― aqüifólio

aqùilégia ― aqüilégia

aqùilégio ― aqüilégio

aqùíparo ― aqüíparo

aqùista ― aqüista

[argüi-]

argùente ― argüente

argùição ― argüição

argùido ― argüido

argùidor ― argüidor

argùir ― argüir

argùitivo ― argüitivo

co-argùida ― co-argüida

co-argùido ― co-argüido

redargùente ― redargüente

redargùição ― redargüição

redargùidor ― redargüidor

redargùir ― redargüir

redargùitivo ― redargüitivo

[cinqüent-]

cinqùenta ― cinqüenta

cinqùentão ― cinqüentão

cinqùentavo ― cinqüentavo

cinqùentenário ― cinqüentenário

tricinqùentenário ― tricinqüentenário

[eqüi-, «eqüu-»]

eqùestre ― eqüestre

eqùevo ― eqüevo

eqùiangular ― eqüiangular

eqùiângulo ― eqüiângulo

eqùícola ― eqüícola

eqùidade ― eqüidade

eqùídeo ― eqüídeo

eqùidiferença ― eqüidiferença

eqùidiferente ― eqüidiferente

eqùidilatado ― eqüidilatado

eqùidistância ― eqüidistância

eqùidistante ― eqüidistante

eqùidistar ― eqüidistar

eqùífero ― eqüífero

eqùigranular ― eqüigranular

eqùilateral ― eqüilateral

eqùilátero ― eqüilátero

eqùimolecular ― eqüimolecular

eqùimolecularidade ― eqüimolecularidade

eqùimultíplice ― eqüimultíplice

eqùimúltiplo ― eqüimúltiplo

eqùino ― eqüino

eqùipendência ― eqüipendência

eqùipendente ― eqüipendente

eqùipolência ― eqüipolência

eqùipolente ― eqüipolente

eqùiponderância ― eqüiponderância

eqùiponderante ― eqüiponderante

eqùiponderar ― eqüiponderar

eqùipotencial ― eqüipotencial

eqùiprobabilismo ― eqüiprobabilismo

eqùissetácea ― eqüissetácea

eqùisseto ― eqüisseto

eqùíssimo ― eqüíssimo

eqùissonância ― eqüissonância

eqùissonante ― eqüissonante

eqùíssono ― eqüíssono

eqùitativo ― eqüitativo

eqùivalve ― eqüivalve

ineqùiângulo ― ineqüiângulo

ineqùilateral ― ineqüilateral

ineqùilátero ― ineqüilátero

ineqùípede ― ineqüípede

ineqùitativo ― ineqüitativo

ineqùivalve ― ineqüivalve

ineqùivocado ― ineqüivocado

subeqùilateral ― subeqüilateral

[exeqüi-]

exeqùência ― exeqüência

exeqùendo ― exeqüendo

exeqùente ― exeqüente

exeqùibilidade ― exeqüibilidade

exeqùível ― exeqüível

inexeqùibilidade ― inexeqüibilidade

inexeqùível ― inexeqüível

[freqüent-]

desfreqùentado ― desfreqüentado

desfreqùentar ― desfreqüentar

freqùência ― freqüência

freqùencímetro ― freqüencímetro

freqùentação ― freqüentação

freqùentador ― freqüentador

freqùentar ― freqüentar

freqùentativo ― freqüentativo

 freqùente ― freqüente

infreqùência ― infreqüência

infreqùentado ― infreqüentado

infreqùente ― infreqüente

[-igüi-]

ambigùidade ― ambigüidade

ambigùifloro ― ambigüifloro

antigùidade ― antigüidade

contigùidade ― contigüidade

exigùidade ― exigüidade

exigùificar ― exigüificar

[-inqüi-]

longinqùidade ― longinqüidade

propinqùidade ― propinqüidade

[-iqüi-]

iniqùidade ― iniqüidade

obliqùidade ― obliqüidade

siliqùiforme ― siliqüiforme

[lingüi-]

bilíngùe ― bilíngüe

bilingùismo ― bilingüismo

brevilíngùe ― brevilíngüe

centilíngùe ― centilíngüe

desmilingùido ― desmilingüido

lingùeta ― lingüeta

lingùiça ― lingüiça

lingùicida ― lingüicida

lingùicídio ― lingüicídio

lingùiforme ― lingüiforme

lingùista ― lingüista

multilíngùe ― multilíngüe

multilingùismo ― multilingüismo

neurolingùista ― neurolingüista

neurolingùística ― neurolingüística

neurolingùístico ― neurolingüístico

psicolingùista ― psicolingüista

psicolingùística ― psicolingüística

psicolingùístico ― psicolingüístico

sociolingùista ― sociolingüista

sociolingùística ― sociolingüística

sociolingùístico ― sociolingüístico

[linqüi-]

co-delinqùência ― co-delinqüência

co-delinqùente ― co-delinqüente

co-delinqùir ― co-delinqüir

delinqùência ― delinqüência

delinqùencial ― delinqüencial

delinqùente ― delinqüente

delinqùir ― delinqüir

relinqùição ― relinqüição

relinqùimento ― relinqüimento

relinqùir ― relinqüir

[liqüid-]

deliqùescência ― deliqüescência

deliqùescente ― deliqüescente

deliqùescer ― deliqüescer

ilíqùido ― ilíqüido

liqùefazer ― liqüefazer

liqùefeito ― liqüefeito

liqùeficável ― liqüeficável

liqùescente ― liqüescente

liqùescer ― liqüescer

liqùidação ― liqüidação

liqùidado ― liqüidado

liqùidador ― liqüidador

liqùidâmbar ― liqüidâmbar

liqùidando ― liqüidando

liqùidar ― liqüidar

liqùidatário ― liqüidatário

liqùidável ― liqüidável

liqùidez ― liqüidez

liqùidificação ― liqüidificação

liqùidificador ― liqüidificador

liqùidificante ― liqüidificante

liqùidificar ― liqüidificar

liqùidificável ― liqüidificável

líqùido ― líqüido

[loqüent-]

altiloqùência ― altiloqüência

altiloqùente ― altiloqüente

eloqùência ― eloqüência

eloqùente ― eloqüente

falaciloqùente ― falaciloqüente

grandiloqùência ― grandiloqüência

grandiloqùente ― grandiloqüente

loqùela ― loqüela

suaviloqùente ― suaviloqüente

vaniloqùência ― vaniloqüência

vaniloqùente ― vaniloqüente

[qüerc-, qüerqüe-]

qùercínea ― qüercínea

qùerco ― qüerco

qùerqùerno ― qüerqüerno

qùerqùetulano ― qüerqüetulano

[qüid-]

qùididade ― qüididade

qùididativo ― qüididativo

[qüin-, qüinqüe-]

qùindecágono ― qüindecágono

qùindénio ― qüindênio

qùingentaria ― qüingentaria

qùingentésimo ― qüingentésimo

qùinquagenário ― qüinquagenário

qùinquagésima ― qüinquagésima

qùinquagésimo ― qüinquagésimo

qùinqùeangular ― qüinqüeangular

qùinqùecapsular ― qüinqüecapsular

qùinqùedentado ― qüinqüedentado

qùinqùedigitado ― qüinqüedigitado

qùinqùefido ― qüinqüefido

qùinqùefoliado ― qüinqüefoliado

qùinqùefólio ― qüinqüefólio

qùinqùegenciano ― qüinqüegenciano

qùinqùelíngùe ― qüinqüelíngüe

qùinqùelobado ― qüinqüelobado

qùinqùenal ― qüinqüenal

qùinqùenalidade ― qüinqüenalidade

qùinqùenervado ― qüinqüenervado

qùinqùénio ― qüinqüênio

qùinqùerreme ― qüinqüerreme

qùinqùevalente ― qüinqüevalente

qùinqùevalve ― qüinqüevalve

qùinqùevalvular ― qüinqüevalvular

qùinqùevirado ― qüinqüevirado

qùinqùeviral ― qüinqüeviral

qùinqùevirato ― qüinqüevirato

qùinqùéviro ― qüinqüéviro

qùinqùídio ― qüinqüídio

qùinqùíduo ― qüinqüíduo

qùintimetatársico ― qüintimetatársico

qùintuplinérveo ― qüintuplinérveo

[sangüi-]

consangùíneo ― consangüíneo

consangùinidade ― consangüinidade

desensangùentar ― desensangüentar

ensangùentado ― ensangüentado

ensangùentar ― ensangüentar

sangùeira ― sangüeira

sangùento ― sangüento

sangùícola ― sangüícola

sangùinária ― sangüinária

sangùinarina ― sangüinarina

sangùinário ― sangüinário

sangùínea ― sangüínea

sangùíneo ― sangüíneo

sangùinidade ― sangüinidade

sangùinolária ― sangüinolária

sangùinoso ― sangüinoso

[seqüent-]

conseqùência ― conseqüência

conseqùencial ― conseqüencial

conseqùente ― conseqüente

conseqùentemente ― conseqüentemente

inconseqùência ― inconseqüência

inconseqùente ― inconseqüente

obseqùente ― obseqüente

seqùela ― seqüela

seqùência ― seqüência

seqüenciação ― seqüenciação

seqüencial ― seqüencial

seqüenciar ― seqüenciar

seqüente ― seqüente

subseqùência ― subseqüência

subseqùente ― subseqüente

[seqüestr-]

seqüestração ― seqüestração

seqüestrador ― seqüestrador

seqüestrar ― seqüestrar

seqüestrável ― seqüestrável

seqüestre ― seqüestre

seqüestro ― seqüestro

[tranqüil-]

intranqùilidade ― intranqüilidade

intranqùilizador ― intranqüilizador

intranqùilo ― intranqüilo

tranqùilamente ― tranqüilamente

tranqùilidade ― tranqüilidade

tranqùilização ― tranqüilização

tranqùilizador ― tranqüilizador

tranqùilizante ― tranqüilizante

tranqùilizar ― tranqüilizar

tranqùilo ― tranqüilo

[ubiqüi-]

ubiqùidade ― ubiqüidade

ubiqùismo ― ubiqüismo

ubiqùista ― ubiqüista

ubiqùitário ― ubiqüitário

ubiqùitarismo ― ubiqüitarismo

[ungüent-]

ungùentáceo ― ungüentáceo

ungùentar ― ungüentar

ungùentário ― ungüentário

ungùento ― ungüento

[ungüic-]

biungùiculado ― biungüiculado

subungùiculado ― subungüiculado

ungùiculado ― ungüiculado

ungùífero ― ungüífero

ungùiforme ― ungüiforme

ungùinoso ― ungüinoso

[das línguas europeias]

alcagùete ― alcagüete

lângùido ― lângüido

pingùim ― pingüim

subáqùeo ― subáqüeo

Tarqùínio ― Tarqüínio

[das línguas brasileiras e africanas]

bangùezeiro ― bangüezeiro

catangùera ― catangüera

changùi ― changüi

manangùera ― manangüera

mandigùera ― mandigüera

maniqùera ― maniqüera

mujangùê ― mujangüê

piraqùera ― piraqüera

qùeba ― qüeba

qùera ― qüera

qùiba ― qüiba

sagùi ― sagüi

sagùim ― sagüim

sagùiru ― sagüiru

sarigùé ― sarigüé

sarigùeia ― sarigüéia

teteqùera ― teteqüera

tigùera ― tigüera

ungùi ― ungüi

hiato [aï, aü, eï, eü, iü, oï, uï]

abahulado ― abaùlado ― abaülado

acuhidade ― acuìdade ― acuïdade

ajuhizar ― ajuìzar ― ajuïzar

alahudíneo ― alaùdíneo ― alaüdíneo

aluhimento ― aluìmento ― aluïmento

amihudar ― amiùdar ― amiüdar

anuhidade ― anuìdade ― anuïdade

arruhinado ― arruìnado ― arruïnado

arruhinar ― arruìnar ― arruïnar

assiduhidade ― assiduìdade ― assiduïdade

atribuhição ― atribuìção ― atribuïção

bahiano ― baìano ― baïano

balahustrada ― balaùstrada ― balaüstrada

cahidela ― caìdela ― caïdela

cahimento ― caìmento ― caïmento

cocahinismo ― cocaìnismo ― cocaïnismo

cohibição ― coìbição ― coïbição

cohibir ― coìbir ― coïbir

constituhição ― constituìção ― constituïção

continuhidade ― continuìdade ― continuïdade

contribuhição ― contribuìção ― contribuïção

destituhição ― destituìção ― destituïção

destruhição ― destruìção ― destruïção

dehicida ― deìcida ― deïcida

depohimento ― depoìmento ― depoïmento

desenrahizar ― desenraìzar ― desenraïzar

diminuhição ― diminuìção ― diminuïção

distrahidamente ― distraìdamente ― distraïdamente

distribuhidor ― distribuìdor ― distribuïdor

 dihuturnidade― diùturnidade ― diüturnidade

egohismar ― egoìsmar ― egoïsmar

embahular ― embaùlar ― embaülar

esvahimento ― esvaìmento ― esvaïmento

fahiscante ― faìscante ― faïscante

fahulhar ― faùlhar ― faülhar

fluhidez ― fluìdez ― fluïdez

fruhição ― fruìção ― fruïção

genuhinidade ― genuìnidade ― genuïnidade

influhição ― influìção ― influïção

inocuhidade ― inocuìdade ― inocuïdade

instituhição ― instituìção ― instituïção

intuhitivo ― intuìtivo ― intuïtivo

mihuçalha ― miùçalha ― miüçalha

mihudeza ― miùdeza ― miüdeza

mihudinho ― miùdinho ― miüdinho

olehicultor ― oleìcultor ― oleïcultor

pahisagem ― paìsagem ― païsagem

pahizinho ― paìsinho ― païsinho

parahybano ― paraìbano ― paraïbano

pehugada ― peùgada ― peügada

possuhidor ― possuìdor ― possuïdor

proficuhidade ― proficuìdade ― proficuïdade

prohibição ― proìbição ― proïbição

prohibir ― proìbir ― proïbir

promiscuhidade ― promiscuìdade ― promiscuïdade

restituhição ― restituìção ― restituïção

retrahimento ― retraìmento ― retraïmento

retribuhição ― retribuìção ― retribuïção

rehunião ― reùnião ― reünião

rehunido ― reùnido ― reünido

rehunir ― reùnir ― reünir

ruhidoso ― ruìdoso ― ruïdoso

ruhinoso ― ruìnoso ― ruïnoso

sahimento ― saìmento ― saïmento

sahudade ― saùdade ― saüdade

sahudar ― saùdar ― saüdar

sahudoso ― saùdoso ― saüdoso

suhicida ― suìcida ― suïcida

suhicídio ― suìcídio ― suïcídio

vacuhidade ― vacuìdade ― vacuïdade

vehicular ― veìcular ― veïcular

vihuvez ― viùvez ― viüvez

hiato [aï, aü, eï, eü, iü, oï, uï]

[aï]

bahiano ― baìano ― baïano

cahidela ― caìdela ― caïdela

cahimento ― caìmento ― caïmento

cocahinismo ― cocaìnismo ― cocaïnismo

desenrahizar ― desenraìzar ― desenraïzar

distrahidamente ― distraìdamente ― distraïdamente

esvahimento ― esvaìmento ― esvaïmento

fahiscante ― faìscante ― faïscante

pahisagem ― paìsagem ― païsagem

pahizinho ― paìsinho ― païsinho

parahybano ― paraìbano ― paraïbano

retrahimento ― retraìmento ― retraïmento

sahimento ― saìmento ― saïmento

[aü]

abahulado ― abaùlado ― abaülado

alahudíneo ― alaùdíneo ― alaüdíneo

balahustrada ― balaùstrada ― balaüstrada

embahular ― embaùlar ― embaülar

fahulhar ― faùlhar ― faülhar

sahudade ― saùdade ― saüdade

sahudar ― saùdar ― saüdar

sahudoso ― saùdoso ― saüdoso

[eï]

dehicida ― deìcida ― deïcida

olehicultor ― oleìcultor ― oleïcultor

vehicular ― veìcular ― veïcular

[eü]

pehugada ― peùgada ― peügada

rehunião ― reùnião ― reünião

rehunido ― reùnido ― reünido

rehunir ― reùnir ― reünir

[iü]

amihudar ― amiùdar ― amiüdar

 dihuturnidade― diùturnidade ― diüturnidade

mihuçalha ― miùçalha ― miüçalha

mihudeza ― miùdeza ― miüdeza

mihudinho ― miùdinho ― miüdinho

vihuvez ― viùvez ― viüvez

[oï]

cohibição ― coìbição ― coïbição

cohibir ― coìbir ― coïbir

depohimento ― depoìmento ― depoïmento

egohismar ― egoìsmar ― egoïsmar

prohibição ― proìbição ― proïbição

prohibir ― proìbir ― proïbir

[uï]

acuhidade ― acuìdade ― acuïdade

ajuhizar ― ajuìzar ― ajuïzar

aluhimento ― aluìmento ― aluïmento

anuhidade ― anuìdade ― anuïdade

arruhinado ― arruìnado ― arruïnado

arruhinar ― arruìnar ― arruïnar

assiduhidade ― assiduìdade ― assiduïdade

atribuhição ― atribuìção ― atribuïção

constituhição ― constituìção ― constituïção

continuhidade ― continuìdade ― continuïdade

contribuhição ― contribuìção ― contribuïção

destituhição ― destituìção ― destituïção

destruhição ― destruìção ― destruïção

diminuhição ― diminuìção ― diminuïção

distribuhidor ― distribuìdor ― distribuïdor

fluhidez ― fluìdez ― fluïdez

fruhição ― fruìção ― fruïção

genuhinidade ― genuìnidade ― genuïnidade

influhição ― influìção ― influïção

inocuhidade ― inocuìdade ― inocuïdade

instituhição ― instituìção ― instituïção

intuhitivo ― intuìtivo ― intuïtivo

possuhidor ― possuìdor ― possuïdor

proficuhidade ― proficuìdade ― proficuïdade

promiscuhidade ― promiscuìdade ― promiscuïdade

restituhição ― restituìção ― restituïção

retribuhição ― retribuìção ― retribuïção

ruhidoso ― ruìdoso ― ruïdoso

ruhinoso ― ruìnoso ― ruïnoso

suhicida ― suìcida ― suïcida

suhicídio ― suìcídio ― suïcídio

vacuhidade ― vacuìdade ― vacuïdade

vogais abertas subtónicas e vogais átonas [à, è, ì, ò, ù]

amàvelmente

àvidamente

avòzinha

caòticamente

chàzada

diàriamente

exclusivè

fìsicamente

gràficamente

Gùiana

hàbilmente

inclusivè

ìntimamente

Mágoè (MZ)

Maríngüè (MZ)

Alto Molócuè (MZ)

màzinha

màzona

pèzinho

pèzudo

prègar

pròdigamente

sensìvelmente

sòzinho

ùltimamente

ùtilmente

vàlidamente

[e todos os advérbios acabados em -mente «que provêm de formas marcadas com acento agudo» (Costa Leão p. 214)]

ânimamente

avôzinho

bênçãozinha

cortêsmente

crâniozinho

dinâmicamente

Libâniozinho

mecânicamente

Mêninha (de Filomena)

ônticamente

pêrazinha

pêssegozinho

portuguêsmente

sãmente

vãmente

à(s)

àquela(s)

àquele(s)

àquilo

àqueloutra(s)

àqueloutro(s)

Notas sobre Economia Política

Tenho estado a ouvir as aulas de Economia Política da Prof. Conceição Tavares (na Unicamp, em 1992), e descubro que eu não sei nada ― absolutamente nada ― de Economia Política. Isto levou-me a ler e aprender, e deixo aqui umas notas sobre o que por aí anda. Ainda espero tirar alguns apontamentos das aulas da Prof. Conceição Tavares, mas essas hão-de ser manuscritas à maneira das antigas aulas presenciais.

Uma das mais modernas ferramentas didácticas de Economia parece ser este projecto: https://www.core-econ.org/, que se declina em vários livros que eu não sei se terei tempo (ou paciência) para ler. Mas aqui me ficam as ligações para a elas regressar: 

• https://books.core-econ.org/experiencing-economics/index.html

• https://books.core-econ.org/understanding-our-economy/

• https://books.core-econ.org/espp/book/text/0-3-contents.html

Este texto da Encyclopaedia Britannica também é interessante: https://www.britannica.com/money/political-economy, e vou deixar aqui alguns excertos.

political economy

Written by Michael A. Veseth, David N. Balaam

Veseth, Michael A. and Balaam, David N.. "political economy." Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Mar. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/money/political-economy. Accessed 18 August 2026.

«political economy, branch of social science that studies the relationships between individuals and society and between markets and the state, using a diverse set of tools and methods drawn largely from economics, political science, and sociology. The term political economy is derived from the Greek polis, meaning “city” or “state,” and oikonomos, meaning “one who manages a household or estate.” Political economy thus can be understood as the study of how a country—the public’s household—is managed or governed, taking into account both political and economic factors.

Historical development

Political economy is a very old subject of intellectual inquiry but a relatively young academic discipline. (...) The writings of the Scottish economist Sir James Steuart, 4th Baronet Denham, whose Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy (1767) is considered the first systematic work in English on economics, and the policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–83), controller general to Louis XIV of France, epitomize mercantilism in theory and in practice, respectively.

Political economy emerged as a distinct field of study in the mid-18th century, largely as a reaction to mercantilism, when the Scottish philosophers Adam Smith (1723–90) and David Hume (1711–76) and the French economist François Quesnay (1694–1774) began to approach this study in systematic rather than piecemeal terms. They took a secular approach, refusing to explain the distribution of wealth and power in terms of God’s will and instead appealing to political, economic, technological, natural, and social factors and the complex interactions between them. Indeed, Smith’s landmark work—An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), which provided the first comprehensive system of political economy—conveys in its title the broad scope of early political economic analysis. Although the field itself was new, some of the ideas and approaches it drew upon were centuries old. (...)

Many works by political economists in the 18th century emphasized the role of individuals over that of the state and generally attacked mercantilism. This is perhaps best illustrated by Smith’s famous notion of the “invisible hand,” in which he argued that state policies often were less effective in advancing social welfare than were the self-interested acts of individuals. Individuals intend to advance only their own welfare, Smith asserted, but in so doing they also advance the interests of society as if they were guided by an invisible hand. Arguments such as these gave credence to individual-centred analysis and policies to counter the state-centred theories of the mercantilists.

In the 19th century English political economist David Ricardo (1772–1823) further developed Smith’s ideas. (...) About the same time the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), James Mill (1773–1836), and Mill’s son John Stuart Mill (1806–73) fused together economic analysis with calls for the expansion of democracy.

Smith’s notion of individual-centred analysis of political economy did not go unchallenged. The German American economist Friedrich List (1789–1846) developed a more-systematic analysis of mercantilism that contrasted his national system of political economy with what he termed Smith’s “cosmopolitical” system, which treated issues as if national borders and interests did not exist. In the mid-19th century communist historian and economist Karl Marx (1818–83) proposed a class-based analysis of political economy that culminated in his massive treatise Das Kapital, the first volume of which was published in 1867.

The holistic study of political economy that characterizes the works of Smith, List, Marx, and others of their time was gradually eclipsed in the late 19th century by a group of more narrowly focused and methodologically conventional disciplines, each of which sought to throw light on particular elements of society, inevitably at the expense of a broader view of social interactions. By 1890, when English neoclassical economist Alfred Marshall (1842–1924) published his textbook on the Principles of Economics, political economy as a distinct academic field had been essentially replaced in universities by the separate disciplines of economics, sociology, political science, and international relations. Marshall explicitly separated his subject—economics or economic science—from political economy, implicitly privileging the former over the latter, an act that reflected the general academic trend toward specialization along methodological lines.

In the second half of the 20th century, as the social sciences (especially economics but also political science) became increasingly abstract, formal, and specialized in both focus and methodology, political economy was revived to provide a broader framework for understanding complex national and international problems and events. (...)

As many analyses by political economists have revealed, in actual government decision making there is often a tension between economic and political objectives. Since the 1970s, for example, the relationship between the United States and China has been replete with difficulties for both countries. China consistently has sought integration into the world economy—an effort best illustrated by its successful campaign to join the World Trade Organization (WTO)—but has resisted domestic political liberalization. The United States often has supported China’s economic reforms because they promised to increase trade between the two countries, but the U.S. government has been criticized by other countries and by some Americans for “rewarding” China with most-favoured-nation trading status despite that country’s poor record of upholding the basic human rights of its citizens. Likewise, China’s government has faced domestic criticism not only from supporters of democracy but also from conservative Chinese Communist Party members who oppose further economic reforms. This example reflects the complex calculus involved as governments attempt to balance both their political and their economic interests and to ensure their own survival.

Economics and political economy

The relationship between political economy and the contemporary discipline of economics is particularly interesting, in part because both disciplines claim to be the descendants of the ideas of Smith, Hume, and John Stuart Mill. Whereas political economy, which was rooted in moral philosophy, was from the beginning very much a normative field of study, economics sought to become objective and value-free. Indeed, under the influence of Marshall, economists endeavoured to make their discipline like the 17th-century physics of Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727): formal, precise, and elegant and the foundation of a broader intellectual enterprise. With the publication in 1947 of Foundations of Economic Analysis by Paul Samuelson, who brought complex mathematical tools to the study of economics, the bifurcation of political economy and economics was complete. Mainstream political economy had evolved into economic science, leaving its broader concerns far behind.

(...) Although political economy lacks a rigorous scientific method and an objective analytic framework, its broad perspective affords a deeper understanding of the many aspects of [e.g.] tariff policy that are not purely economic in nature.

National and comparative political economy

The study of domestic political economy is concerned primarily with the relative balance in a country’s economy between state and market forces. Much of this debate can be traced to the thought of the English political economist John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who argued in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935–36) that there exists an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation and that governments should manipulate fiscal policy to ensure a balance between the two. The so-called Keynesian revolution, which occurred at a time when governments were attempting to ameliorate the effects of the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s, contributed to the rise of the welfare state and to an increase in the size of government relative to the private sector. In some countries, particularly the United States, the development of Keynesianism brought about a gradual shift in the meaning of liberalism, from a doctrine calling for a relatively passive state and an economy guided by the “invisible hand” of the market to the view that the state should actively intervene in the economy in order to generate growth and sustain employment levels.

From the 1930s Keynesianism dominated not only domestic economic policy but also the development of the post-World War II Bretton Woods international economic system, which included the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Indeed, Keynesianism was practiced by countries of all political complexions, including those embracing capitalism (e.g., the United States and the United Kingdom), social democracy (e.g., Sweden), and even fascism (e.g., the Nazi Germany of Adolf Hitler). In the 1970s, however, many Western countries experienced “stagflation,” or simultaneous high unemployment and inflation, a phenomenon that contradicted Keynes’s view. The result was a revival of classical liberalism, also known as “neoliberalism,” which became the cornerstone of economic policy in the United States under President Ronald Reagan (1981–89) and in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1979–90). Led by the American economist Milton Friedman and other proponents of monetarism (the view that the chief determinant of economic growth is the supply of money rather than fiscal policy), neoliberals and others argued that the state should once again limit its role in the economy by selling off national industries and promoting free trade. Supporters of this approach, which influenced the policies of international financial institutions and governments throughout the world, maintained that free markets would generate continued prosperity.

Opponents of neoliberalism have argued that the theory overlooks too many of the negative social and political consequences of free markets, including the creation of large disparities of wealth and damage to the environment. (...)

Political economists attempting to understand domestic macroeconomic policy often study the influence of political institutions (e.g., legislatures, executives, and judiciaries) and the implementation of public policy by bureaucratic agencies. The influence of political and societal actors (e.g., interest groups, political parties, churches, elections, and the media) and ideologies (e.g., democracy, fascism, or communism) also is gauged. Comparative analysis also considers the extent to which international political and economic conditions increasingly blur the line between domestic and foreign policies in different countries. For example, in many countries trade policy no longer reflects strictly domestic objectives but also takes into account the trade policies of other governments and the directives of international financial institutions.

Many sociologists focus on the impact that policies have on the public and the extent of public support that particular policies enjoy. Likewise, sociologists and some political scientists also are interested in the extent to which policies are generated primarily from above by elites or from below by the public. One such study is so-called “critical political economy,” which is rooted in interpretations of the writing of Marx. For many Marxists (and contemporary adherents of varying strands of Marxist thought), government efforts to manage different parts of the economy are presumed to favour the moral order of bourgeois values. As in the case of tax policy, for example, government policies are assumed to support the interests of the rich or elites over those of the masses.

Ultimately, comparative analysts may ask why countries in certain areas of the world play a particularly large role in the international economy. They also examine why “corporatist” partnerships between the state, industry, and labour formed in some states and not in others, why there are major differences in labour and management relations in the more-industrialized countries, what kinds of political and economic structures different countries employ to help their societies adjust to the effects of integration and globalization, and what kinds of institutions in developing countries advance or retard the development process. Comparative political economists also have investigated why some developing countries in Southeast Asia were relatively successful at generating economic growth whereas most African countries were not. (...)»

Citações de e sobre o Cardeal Newman

O inglês John Henry Newman (1801-1890) foi um anglicano convertido ao catolicismo e feito cardeal pelo Papa Leão XIII (em 1879) e santo pelo Papa Francisco (em 2019). O Cardeal Newman (ou São João Henrique Newman, como pode agora ser chamado) foi «the most significant Roman Catholic theologian of the nineteenth century», segundo o seu biógrafo Ian Ker (citado no prefácio do livro de Chadwick, p. vi). Uma figura ímpar, cujo pensamento e atitude de vida me interessam muito. Eis alguns excertos do livro Newman: A Short Introduction, de Owen Chadwick (Oxford University Press, 1983).

1 Introduction

(p. 3) «In this difficult world for the Christian intelligence, Newman set himself the life-work of maintaining the forces of apostolic Christianity.»

(p. 3) «Can you prove that God exists? Yes, said the eighteenth century; therefore all wise men have faith. But suppose that new discoveries make it harder to prove that God exists (...), do all wise men lose their faith? Evidently not. Then faith cannot be overturned by argument? What is faith?»

(p. 3) «Science and history must be freed from the leading strings of dogma.»

2 Newman's mind

(p. 7) «(...) [He was] a man for whom heaven is next door (...); for whom the day just before him suffices for his duty; and so he does his chores, and prays, and meditates, and studies, and writes, and teaches, and looks again at the Scriptures, where the truths about God come in a divine disorder (...).»

(p. 9) «He was conscious of being alone, not lonely. He was far more aware of being separate from his fellow-men than of being a member of human society. (...) When he looked down at a baby, he saw it as dependent, and yet with-drawn from its fellow-humans, unable to understand or communicate (...).»

(p. 9) «Though this was a great churchman, who revived men's understanding of the essence of the Church, he was solitary by intelligence; a friend but not sociable; one who had compassion for the people and yet was no man for the multitude. 'If we be in a crowd,' he once said, 'still be we as hermits in the wilderness' (P 5.115). The truest life is alone. He would think of the solitary man, able to bear his own company, and to take pleasure in it, for that is the grace of God within him. He would quote the old saying Never less alone than when alone (P 5.70). He was aware of a deep peace in the life of faith; never on the surface; unseen by the world, 'like some well in a retired and shaby place, difficult of acess' (P 5.69).»

(pp. 9-10) «He saw society as full of pomp; its ritual forms, its empty ceremonies. He had a sympathy for the young, who react against the conventions of the world, and once compared true Christians to such rebels. (...)»

(p. 10) «He thougth of his room or cell as a nest from which he disliked to come. He devoted much of his day to writing ― hence the vast collection of private letters. He thought on paper.»

3 Christian life

(pp. 17-18) «(...) The sternest of the [Calvinist] school supposed that from all eternity God destined some men to eternal torment. Newman had too broad an education, and neither his home nor his books accepted a doctrine which made God cruel. But he grew up a puritan (...)»

(p. 19) «[In his Parochial Sermons,] He sees through everything. You feel penitent ― you are at least half pretending before God. You say you have repented ― empty word, repentance is a life-long growth. You look back with gratitude, but if you were aware of God, you would look back with fear. You love hymns and delude youself that this makes you religious, and perhaps you are a man of sentiments and not of religion. § The power in the sermons is at bottom the quest for reality in religion.»

(p. 20) «He realised that a creed was not to be apprehended by intellectual surgery, but was part of a way of worship, and to be seized within the immeasurable mysteries of the universe (...).»

(p. 21) «[His preaching] was warmth rather than fire. Always there was restraint. The language was moderate, the mood calm; he never sought to convert by excitement. He never sparkled. He never ceased to appeal to the head in his probing of the heart.»

(p. 23) «He was a true reformer. § Once he drew a portrait of a true reformer. To be a reformer you need zeal, even aggression. Yet you are never to lose gentleness. You are not to identify the movement with God's cause in the sense of believing that all opponents must be wicked. You must have a single eye set upon the goal. You must never despise, either the people who attack or the people whom you try to reform.»

(p. 25) «Mostly we choose not between two right acts but whichever is less wrong. 'We walk to heaven backward; we drive our arrows at a mark, and think him most skilful whose shortcomings are the least' (P 5.108).»

(p. 25) «He is an intelligent man who knows that the conscience does more for truth than the intelligence; an eloquent man who fears oratory; a subtle logician with the lowest opinion of logic; a fertile mind with small regard for originality; a thinker who despises the idea of speculation; a reasoner who wants reason valued in its proper place but that place lowly in the order of creation.»

4 Faith

(p. 27) «(...) 'there are but two beings in the whole universe, our own soul, and the God who made it' (P 1.20).»

(p. 28) «Conventional wisdom in the first half of the nineteenth century said that wonderful designs in nature proved a Designer; that we need only look upon the beetle's wing or the human retina to see design; that if we look upward to sun and moon and stars, we see the mathematical beauty of an infinite design. Newman believed none of this. Experience shows that the only way [to find God] is to look within. 'I believe in design because I believe in God, not in a God because I see design.' (...) (L 25.97, 324) § For if we look inward we find conscience.»

(p. 30) «We do not go to the Bible and there learn a creed. We come into the Christian community, learn the simplest truths of the creed, and so are led to the Bible. § (...) Let the soul grow in grace, and in sensitivity of conscience; then the mind will be able to receive more.»

(p. 33) «The total thrust of all such words is reserved for a future, the sight of God in heaven. We are not given total truth. We are given enough light by which to live.»

(pp. 34-35) «Can you argue a man into faith? If you can argue him in you can argue him out. The faith of the simple is as certain as the faith of the educated. Therefore the grounds of faith cannot just be argument. (...) § But here enters philosophic doubt. Faith is certain of its object. Evidence can produce answers which are never more than probable. By what leap (if it is a leap) does the religious mind pass from the probable to the certain? § (...) § This was Newman's supreme intellectual difficulty. Officialdom said that everyone who doubted, doubted because of sin. Newman knew that this sweeping condemnation was preposterous. (...)»

(p. 35) «The human race cannot live in universal doubt. Not even philosophers are capable fo this feat. We have to act. We cannot wait for a long chain of arguments before we act. The food may be poisoned. We know it is not, we trust the people, we have certainty based on trust. We are certain that we know which two persons are our parents. This certainty is based only on trust in people. We know not only that an act is right but why it is right. We see that the rightness of the act depends upon a far wider moral context [i. e. not by reasoning the act, but by seeing other people acting]. (...)»

(p. 35) «Some truth is certain, though to the philosopher only probable. A man who has never been to India would be a fool to doubt that India exists though strictly speaking he has only probability. (...) In the same way only a corrupt mind could believe that all the religious experience reported by the human race is nothing but buzzing in the ears. Objective truth is presented to the intelligence. Faith is not mere feeling.»

(p. 36) «When Newman wrote of certitude, he did not mean certain knowledge. He meant the conviction in a man's mind that he has certain knowledge.»

(p. 37) «The world is easy for philosophers so long as they ask none of the questions that count. If they confine themselves to matter they are only in difficulty if they manufacture difficulty. (...) At the moment when they begin to ask great questions of traditional philosophy ― of free will, and predestination, and providence, and purpose, and evil, and God ― they are in darkness.»

(p. 37) «If you doubt God, the answer is not to debate whether He exists. It is to go and try to live according to that conscience which responds to the ultimate law which is found to be God's.»

(p. 40) «By the nature of the theory [of faith], ordinary scientific reasoning can have nothing to say, because science can never pass beyond the veil of sense [i. e. dos sentidos].»

(pp. 42-43) «To know the mind of the Church, teachers in the Church must look to the ordinary faith, ordinary practice, of ordinary Christian men. In many individual cases that will be wrong, or superstitious, or superficial. But these people are the Church, and deep in their corporate mind is a true intuition of what the Church is about. Therefore the teachers must 'consult' the lay Church, in two senses: passive, as one consults a barometer, to see how it behaves; and active, to take notice of its opinion. This is not the absurd idea that we must conduct polls into people's preferences. It is the conviction that within the body of Christian men and women is the experience of truth, and that this experience has something to say about new creeds or new ways of prayer. (...) He quoted a phrase of St Hilary of Poitiers: 'the ears of the common people are holier then the hearts of the priests' (C 77, 85).»

(p. 45) «And Newman never thought much of logic as a way of reaching truth.»

5 Knowledge

(p. 49) «In this philosophy of faith, it is obvious, science can never conflict with religion. The scientific finding of reason can never contradict the religious findings of conscience or vice versa.» [Non-overlapping magisteria]

(p. 49) «Of course this world is one, whether of matter or spirit. What is true this side of the veil cannot be untrue on the other. What is true on the other cannot be untrue on this side. All is God's world.»

(p. 50) «Therefore, apparent conflict. Then (says Newman) we must not try to judge between the two given 'truths'. We must remember our nothingness. We are shut in by the material world and cannot reach to things as they are. So we recognise that these two 'truths' are useful so far as they go ― useful each in its own sphere, useful to act upon, useful as two separated approximations to a Truth which is greater than either.»

(p. 50) «If you pack knowledge into a lot of young heads in schools, will adult society later be more virtuous? § Newman was scornful of this idea. (...) The error lies in the belief that excellence comes from without. Excellence comes from within. It cannot come if a child sits passive and receiving. It comes only through personal struggle and suffering. (...) Science or knowledge are powerless to heal the soul. (...) Knowledge leaves us morally where we were before.»

(p. 51) «(...) Newman's scepticism about the argument from the design of nature to a Designer. Peel thought that if his readers studied science, they would learn more about the world and therefore would know more about the creator of this world; that physics led towards belief in God.»

(p. 52) «Education is lowered if it is turned into the training of a man or a woman for a career.»

(p. 52) «Newman was an Englishman; a convert; a mind with unconventional ideas; an Oxford don with notions that the university should be free [from interference]; a teacher with the idea that undergraduates should think for themselves ― all these were reasons why the Archbishop [of Dublin] distrusted Newman.»

(p. 53) «A young man has not only to learn information or ideas. He must see information or ideas in a context where others may see them in a different light; so that although education in a university starts by being an amassing of information, the university soon ceases to be only a place where young is taught by old, and becomes a place where the young start to contribute.»

(p. 54) «You must be 'above' your knowledge, not sitting beneath its weight.»

(p. 56) «'Quarry the granite rock with razors, or moor the vessel with a thread of silk; then may you hope with such keen and delicate instruments as human knowledge and human reason to contend against those giants, the passion and pride of man' (I 111).»

6 Church of Rome

(p. 58) «(...) faith in God is always more real and more certain than the language which seeks to describe faith in God.»

(p. 65) «Tourists went into a church in Naples and found an old crone superstitious and credulous before a crucifix or a statue. (...) § (...) 'errors of fact may do no harm, and their removal may do much'. 'We may surely concede a little superstition, as not the worst of evils, if it be the price of making sure of faith' (V 1.lxv-lxix).»

(p. 66) « He did not want the bishops to define the Pope as infallible. He thought that the Church needed to do a lot more thinking before it cleared its own mind on what precisely it meant. History showed that Popes had erred. Newman was sure that the Pope was not infallible if he opened his mouth in casual conversation.»

(p. 67) «'(...) still to Conscience first, and to the Pope afterwards' (Diff 261). If authority interferes in secular matters of philosophy or science or literature or history, it may demand silence. (...) It cannot demand internal submission, only external silence.»

(p. 68) «The professional theologians, whose minds were as closed as oysters, were unhappy to be told, by his idea of development, that the Church must respect the findings of historians; or that common people sometimes had a deeper idea of faith than clergymen, or even the Pope; or that devotional practices ought to be quiet and restrained. The most unpleasing of Roman Monsignori wrote to the Archbishop of Westminster, that 'Dr Newman is the most dangerous man in England.'»

(p. 68) «Long ago he denounced as depraved appetite the desire to be praised by a multitude whom we have never seen; deeply criminal, he said, an odious superfluous wanton sin (P 8.178). He found it more agreeable to the Christian temper to know and be known by a few and to grow in their esteem and affection.»

(p. 69) «The old Roman Cato said that he preferred people to ask why there was no statue to his memory than why there was a statue.»

(p. 70) « To make a man a cardinal was not to approve all his ideas or clear all his utterances of heresy. But it acclaimed the general work; and that work included friendliness to Protestants, assent to the place of history in the development of Christian thought, recognition of the free rights of critical enquiry, recognition that scientists are free to follow their arguments wherever they lead, antipathy to extremist forms of doctrine or devotion, confession that the great secret body or lay Christians was also the Church and not slaves of a hierarchy.»

7 Liberalism?

(p. 72) «Even if all the members of the society were Christians, the society would still be in part unjust. Newman could not abide the doctrine of inevitable advance in human society. He was violent against the idea of progress.»

(p. 73) «Evidently, when he professed himself to have spent his life fighting liberalism, it was not political liberalism that he fought, except in the hectic years 1829-33. § But liberalism had a religious meaning. (...)»

(p. 74) «He was sure that, though the teaching authority of the Church is infallible, it could never make decrees on physical subjects, because on physical subjects it had no power to decree.»

(pp. 75-76) «The Bible is not necessarily true as science or history, only in what it says on faith and morals ― though some statements of history may be intimately connected with faith. (...) And we are not bound to believe what is said 'in passing' but has nothing to do with faith or morals. St Paul says he left a cloak at Troas. It is no part of Christian doctrine to suppose that St Paul might not be mistaken about the place where he forgot his cloak.»

8 Newman

(p. 78) «(...) ex umbris et imaginibus in veritatem; that is, coming out of the shadows and the reflexions into the truth.»

Cateen (Hayato Sumino) toca Beethoven num piano de brincar

Beethoven Piano Sonata "Appassionata" on Toy Piano

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xH1wY4UQW8M

Svetla Protich interpreta Johann Sebastian Bach

Svetla Protich - Bach: Prelude & Fugue in A-minor BWV 543 (Prelúdio) https://youtu.be/VRPlBrDlCOI?si=vzObmqmsLfZAQ37q

Svetla Protich - Bach: Prelude & Fugue in A-minor BWV 543 (Fuga) https://youtu.be/wmm1kC_fAaU?si=K6nSChlWE8AftLMj

Duas formas da mesma palavra

Vernáculo ― Erudito

aceitar ― aceptar

adro ― átrio

alhear ― alienar

aprender ― apreender

areia ― arena

artelho ― artículo

aspeito ― aspecto

auto ― acto

avesso ― adverso

avondança ― abundância

bautista ― baptista

cabido ― capítulo

cadeira ― cátedra

caldo ― cálido

catar ― captar

chama ― flama

chantar ― plantar

chão ― plano

chave ― clave

cheio ― pleno

ciclo ― círculo

coalhar ― coagular

colheita ― colecta

conceição ― concepção

conceito ― concepto

cousa ― causa

cuidar ― cogitar

dedo ― dígito

deduitivo ― deductivo

delgado ― delicado

desenho ― desígnio

direito ― directo

ditado ― dictado

dobro ― duplo

efeitivo ― efectivo

eira ― área

enventeiro ― inventário

erva- ― herba-

escarnho ― escárnio

escuitar ― auscultar

esprito ― espírito

estreito ― estricto

eu ― ego

exceicional ― excepcional

exceição ― excepção

familha ― família

feito ― facto

feitor ― factor

feitura ― factura

filho ― fílio

fogo ― foco

frio ― frígido

fruito ― fructo

herdeiro ― hereditário

induitivo ― inductivo

inteiro ― íntegro

jeito ― jacto

jerarquia ― hierarquia

lavrar ― laborar

leal ― legal

leigo ― laico

leite ― lacte

limpo ― límpido

logro ― lucro

luita ― lucta

macho ― másculo

madeira ― matéria

mãe ― madre

meio ― médio

mèzinha ― medicina

nédio ― nítido

noute ― nocte

odre ― útero

ogeito ― objecto

olho ― óculo

outo ― octo

paço ― palácio

pai ― padre

palavra ― parábola

partilha ― partícula

perceição ― percepção

perfeito ― perfecto

povoação ― população

primeiro ― primário

produito ― producto

receita ― recepta

receitar ― receptar

reito ― recto

reitidão ― rectidão

redondo ― rotundo

respeito ― respecto

rezar ― recitar

rotura ― ruptura

sé ― sede

segre ― século

segredo ― secreto

seleição ― selecção

selo ― sigilo

senhor ― sénior

sete ― septe

sobrar ― superar

solteiro ― solitário

sujeito ― subjecto

susceitível ― susceptível

teito ― tecto

Escritas...

Contrato entre o Infante Dom Henrique e Diogo de Teive, 1452. In Mendes Ferrão (2005) A Aventura das Plantas, p. 34.

        ⸿ comtrauto que foy feyto Emtre 

        ho ymfamte Dom Emrrique E 

        Dioguo De teue Sobꝛe ho

        faʒimemto Do açuquaꝛ 

Eu o ymfamte dom Amrrique duque de viſeu E 

Snnoꝛ De coujlham faço Sabeꝛ A vos Joham gomçalueʒ 

meu caualleyꝛo E capitam por mjm na mjnha ylha d’ama 

Deyꝛa E a outro quall queꝛ a que eſte meu comtrauto foꝛ 

moſtrado que Eu comtraytey com Diogo detteiue meu 

eſcudeyꝛo que elle mamde hy faʒeꝛ hum Emgenho dau 

gua Em lugaꝛ que nam poſſa faʒeꝛ nojo a outrem peꝛa 

ſe nelle faʒeꝛ açucaꝛ Com eſtas comdiçoees ⁊ uſo eſkꝛitas 

ytem que De todo ho açucaꝛ que ſe Em elle feʒeꝛ elle 

me De ateꝛça paꝛte Sem lhe Eu Daꝛ njhũa couſa /. 

ytem com comdiçam quedamdo elle com ho Dito Seu 

Emgenho Eo meu lagaꝛ Deſpacho A todos hos ca 

uancaeês que nom fique njhũa couſa poꝛ faʒeꝛ / que 

Eu nom De logaꝛ a njguem que poſa faʒeꝛ outro Se 

melhamte E nom ſe podemdo todo faʒeꝛ que  Eu dey 

lugaꝛ aquém me pꝛouueꝛ que faʒa outro / 

Com comdiçam que o meu Almoxarife Reçeba delle 

o meu teꝛço Do Dito açucaꝛ que me ha De Daꝛ aſy 

ho Das foꝛmas como De panella apurado Ao quall 

poꝛ eſta pꝛeſemte mamdo que logo como Aſy apuꝛado 

foꝛ o Reçeba E rrecade peꝛa mj . E poꝛem vos mamdo q̃ 

lhe leyxes Aſy faʒeꝛ /o Dito Emgenho omde lhe pꝛouueꝛ 

E lhe nom ponhaes neelo embaꝛgo algum feyto em 

allbufeyꝛa v. Dias De Dezembꝛo Joham De moꝛaa

es /o feʒ Anno Do Sennoꝛ De mjll iiij lij. 

Da última página do Cancioneiro Geral, de Garcia de Resende, Lisboa 1516

https://purl.pt/31247/2/

 ACabouſſe de empꝛemyr o cançyoneyro geerall. Com pꝛeuilegio do muyto alto ⁊ muyto poderoſo Rey dom Manuell nosso ſenhoꝛ. Que nenhũa peſſoa o poſſa empꝛemir nẽ troua que nelle vaa. ſob pena de doʒentos cruʒadꝰ ⁊ mais perder todollos volumes que fiʒer. Nem menos o poderam traʒer de foꝛa do reyno a vender ahynda q̈ la foſſe fejto ſo[b] a meſma pena atras eſcrita. Foy oꝛdenado ⁊ emẽdado poꝛ Garçia de Reeſende fidalguo da caſa del Rey noſſo ſenhoꝛ ⁊ eſcriuam da faʒenda do pꝛinçipe. Começouse em almeyrym ⁊ acabouse na muyto nobꝛe ⁊ ſempꝛe leall çidade de Lixboa. Per Hermã de cãpos alemã bõbardeyro delrey noſſo ſenhoꝛ ⁊ empꝛemjdoꝛ. Aos xxviij. dias de ſetẽbꝛo da era de noſſo ſenhoꝛ Jeſu criſto de mil ⁊ quynhentꝰ ⁊ xvi anos.

Frontispício da Regra da Perfeição da Conversação dos Monges, de Lourenço Justiniano, Lisboa 1531

História da Vida Privada em Portugal A Idade Média, Mattoso (dir.), pg. 319

E Nom he peq̃na a obrigaçam de louuor que teem os preſentes e futuros aos defunctos ſcriptores. Os quaes antepoendo ho proueyto comũ ao proprio: guarnecidos de fee: ſperança. e charidade. perdido o cuydado de ſy martirizando ſuas carnes: conſumĩdo ſuas vidas com continuo ſtudo e occupaçam do ſpiritu: ſoomente ſe contentarom por refrigerio de ſeus trabalhos: cõ o fructo que delles a nos auia de ſer tam proueytoſo. Em numero dos q̈es foy ho glorioſo Juſtiniano auctor da obra preſente que aos monges e ſolitarios deſcobriu tã geytoſo caminho: … e glorificador. E nom menos digna de louuor he a ſenhora iffante dõna Catherina irmaã del Rey dom Afõſo ho quĩto. a qual tanto reſplãdeceu em ſeu tẽpo em virtude e ſabedoria: q̃ eſquecida dos cuidados das outras femeas ſe affirma auer tirado ho veeo a eſta obra: pa que podeſſe ſer cobiçada dos ſimplezes e ſem trabalho entendida dos doctos. tomãdoa de latim em noſſo purtugues: e dandoa em offerta aos religioſos de ſanto elloy: õde ho ſeu corpo he ſepultado. E ſabẽdo ho padre dom Dioniſio prior craſtero do moeſteyro de ſancta Cruz de Coymbra: por ho ſenhor Jffante dom Anrique q̃ tanto theſouro e tam neceſſario aas almas dos deuotos: eſtaua aſſy encarrado e ignoto por falta d’ impreſſam[ com cõſelho do conuento ]ho mandou correger e emp̃mir em ho quarto anno de ſua reformaçam. aa gloria e ouuor de noſſo ſenhor Jeſu chriſto que com ho padre e ſpiritu ſancto: viue e regna em ho ſegre dos ſegres. Amen.